A Memoir tells a story of an important moment in our lives and its Essay

A Memoir tells a story of an important moment in our lives and its significance to us - Essay Example Many of them were standing here and there, talking in groups. Some of them expressed the dislike and arrogance to the new comers. As a student who, at the first time coming out of the security of home, I was homesick and worried very much. I did not see any one really. How can I, since I was blind with tears? Many of them were using English fluently. They asked something to me also. I did not give a reply since I was unable to open my mouth. At that moment I noticed one girl standing among the old students of the hostel. They were asking her many questions .It was not a dialogue, but it was an interview that I heard. From there conversation I came to know that her name was Treesa. I did not see a tint of fear or agitation on the face of that girl. She was bold and courageous. I also felt a slight admiration for her at any corner my heart. Sometimes I wished to become someone like her. Treesa became the favorite one for all among the new comers. She talked well and also became friendl y with all the students within one day. I found her consoling some other students who were bitterly crying for keeping themselves away from their kith and kin. I heard many others talking about Treesa. Though I felt friendly with her I did not show that forwardness to her. That day came!, the day on which we wanted to self –introduce to the inmates of the hostel . Usually it was after one week of the entry. I heard many stories about that day from some of the seniors who were friendly to me. Among them there was a girl who had fainted during the question hour. But now she was the chief among those fellows to interview the new ‘preys ‘. The session was divided into three. During the first part which lasted for three or four minutes, we wanted to introduce ourselves. The second part which was also lasted for three or four minutes, they would ask some questions to us. In the last session, we wanted to present a programme, a song, mono act ,dance or any other item whi ch they felt, would entertain them . I had already learned one song. All of us were expressing each other the worries and thoughts about the ‘impending disaster ‘, which would envelop them at any moment. All were prepared well with at least some programme and I overheard some of them even practicing the same secretly in their rooms. But our Treesa was very confident all the time. Some prickly girls even commented that since Treesa was the pet of all she would not have to face a tough time with the inmates. Somehow it started!!. Those who finished their session expressed the relief in many different ways. It was the time for Treesa. Everybody pierced through the sides to see what would happen on stage. Treesa introduced herself. The audience asked her to sing a song. She sang melodiously and the applause lasted even for one minute. Suddenly everybody heard a piercing sound. â€Å"Will you sing a fast number?† Yes, very coolly she accepted. Everybody enjoyed it well . For the second time another question came,† a rock please†. She did that also well. The chief among them came with a different one â€Å" What about a raga†, To the amazement of all, with same unstirred mind, Treesa sang a beautiful raga. Treesa confronted with another question now. â€Å"Who taught you these songs†. â€Å"My DAD†, the answer came soon. What is your father? , â€Å"He is a business man†. Where is your Dad doing business, What kind business is he doing? There were many questions ... but the answer was â€Å"

The employment of women in industry during the First World War Essay Example for Free

The employment of women in industry during the First World War Essay Use Source G and your own knowledge to explain why some men opposed the employment of women in industry during the First World War. Source G is a personal account written by a women worker, which demonstrates the prejudice that women were shown in the work place during the First World War. It describes scenes of resentment from the womens male colleagues and made it harder for women to do a good job, over and over again the foreman gave the wrong or incomplete directions. There are many reasons why some men may have opposed the work of women in industry during the First World War however I think that one of the main reasons was for fear of loosing their own jobs or receiving less pay at the end of the war because women may have done a good or better job than them in their absence. Trade unions were one of the reasons why some men opposed the work of women in industry during the First World War. The government had to make sure that the factories could keep up with the needs of the war. Lloyd George was concerned about the issue of demarcation which was when only skilled workers could do certain jobs. Demarcation meant that there was not enough production in certain areas. In March 1915, Lloyd George developed the Treasury Agreement. This Agreement allowed specialised work could be done by semi skilled or even unskilled workers. He also promised the unions that this change was only a temporary arrangement until the end of the war. He also agreed that the workers doing the skilled jobs would be paid the same regardless if they were skilled or unskilled. He also banned strikes and the workers could be fined for going on strike or missing days of work. If the worker wanted to leave and find a job elsewhere, they had to inform the employer and the employer had to issue them with a leaving certificate. Without this certificate they would have to wait six weeks before they could get another job. Up until this time, trade unions were mainly made up of men however in 1914 there were 357,000 female members and this increased to more than 1 million members in 1918. I think the reason why so many men opposed women working in industry is that the trade unions thought Lloyd George was trying to lower the mens wage during the First World War. During the First World War many men were afraid of being paid less or even loosing their jobs. They thought this because women were willing to be paid less for doing the same job as they had done. They were afraid that after the war their employers would pay them the same as the women or even give their jobs to the women. Unskilled workers were allowed do skilled workers jobs by the end of the war and they were afraid that this low paid work for skilled work was going to continue after the war. This idea is shown in Source G because it says none of the men spoke to me for a long time, and would give me no help as to where to find things. My drawer was nailed up but the men, and oil was poured over everything in it through the crack. This suggests that the men felt threatened by the woman and wanted to make it as difficult for her as they possibly could. In source D it also shows a picture of unhappy women in the work place. It also has a board in the background that said when the boys come back we are not going to keep you any longer girls, suggesting that they were not wanted there and were just filling in the vacancies until the war was over and the men could return to their own jobs. I think that this is the other reason why some men opposed the work of women in industry during the First World War. Not all men opposed the work of women during the First World War. Many men supported it as they were pleased about the effort the women made and believed that without their help there would not be enough production of munitions to feed the needs of the war. Some of the men that supported women working were the husbands of those who were employed in industry. This meant that they were bringing more money home to the family which was much needed during the First World War. Others supported it because they believed in equality for both men and women and this was a way of proving that women could do the same work as men if they were given the same opportunities. This idea is shown in Source E where there is a poster from the government asking women to help in munitions. If women were not wanted to work they would not have advertised for their help. In Source C, which is written by an owner of a factory, he says women prefer factory life. The children are better off than before, this suggests that he thinks that women who worked not only helped themselves but also it helped their families. There were a lot of good things that came out of women working in industry during the First World War. Overall there were many reasons why some men opposed the work of women in industry during the First World War but I think that fear of loosing jobs and dilution of their standards when they returned were the main reasons. Men also realised that women were doing a good thing and helping the war effort.

High Rise And High Density Buildings Sociology Essay

High Rise And High Density Buildings Sociology Essay The subject of this research developed from a personal interest in the dichotomy between quality and the provision of housing in the U.K. In an interview with BBC Two news night the Planning Minister, Nick Boles, criticised the recent provision of housing. He states People look at the new housing estates that have been bolted on to their towns and villages in recent decades and observe that few of them are beautiful. Indeed, not to put too fine a point on it, many of them are pig-ugly (the Guardian, 2012). This is a valid point and is at the core over the provision of housing as literature provides sufficient evidence based on negative feedback on housing especially with houses built in the post war periods of the 1960s. However using the term pig ugly to describe the effort of others is perhaps too much of an exaggeration. Nevertheless, this develops interest in exploring further what the Minister considers to be pig ugly and what can be done to make these buildings better. With regards to providing housing for the community, Boles was pin pointing with particular criticism to the recent Harrison Wharf development in Purfleet, Essex, which he describes as an insult to the community. The Planning Minister states that whilst more land is needed for development, the right to houses is a basic moral right, like health-care and education, theres a right to a home with a bit ground around it to bring your family up in (the Guardian, 2012). With this criticism on a high density type of development consisting of 103 flats, not buildings of the 1960s either but a more recent development, raises curiosity as to what new developments offer in terms of quality in housing despite all the new policies and regulations in place. Exploring further research into the rights to houses will develop further evidence as to what extent a right to a home with a bit of ground is a necessity. Other evidence pointing towards the ideology of an ideal home being that with a garden includes that of the town planner Professor William Holford, whom on a report of symposium posits the view that in British housing, a tacit assumption is that the ideal house for young family with children is a cottage, a villa, or a semi-detached house with a garden. From this, it can be argued that high rise and high density flats in particular have come to be regarded as what Sir William Holford describes as a regrettable necessity, forced upon us by the shortage of land to accommodate the unfortunate who have to live in them Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Taking this into account, with consideration of the growing increase in high-rise and high density housing in the UK builds up controversy and develops the keenness to investigate further whether high-rise and high density housing really is a regrettable necessity or more satisfying projects can be achieved. The ideology of an ideal home being that with a garden described above may just be one characteristic of what the consequences of high-rise and high density housing seem to have. Literature provides other numerous consequences associated with high-rise and high density housing whereas at the same time, other literature reviews suggests that high density housing is increasingly being seen as a solution for the high demand for housing. The Planning Policy Guidance note 3 (PPG3), which sets out the governments policy on different aspects of planning requires local authorities to avoid inefficient use of land, hereby referring to developments that provide less dwellings per given area (PPG3). It is therefore evident that the government does encourage accommodating more using less space, whether it is encouraging developments which are considered as failures according to some literature sources, is a question that prompts further investigation. There is much debate about what the future housing is offering as a solution with consideration to the governments restrictions on land use. With the main drivers to high density housing being high house price inflation, a cultural shift bringing about the desire to live alone and several other drivers discussed further in a later chapter of this study, there has been an increased rate of household establishment (Bretherton Pleace, 2008). The effect of these price inflation in houses has led to what Hills (2007) terms as residualisation, where it is mainly the poor people adapting in the social rented tenure of housing. With this occurring in the last 20 years there is now a need to bring down this compactness of poverty and social exclusion. Evidence suggests that this solution can be brought about through high density housing that are affordable and of mixed tenure. (Bretherton Pleace, 2008). With particular reference to high-rise and high density development in the provision of housing as they are both designed on the basis of accommodating more in less space, the debate on whether better designed, affordable and mixed tenure housing can provide a solution that tackles the demand for housing to accommodate without derogating quality is the essence of what has developed interest in doing this research. Aims and Objectives The Aim of my research is to investigate whether high-rise and high density housing can provide good quality homes while providing housing to cater for the increasing demand. To aid my study of this aim, I will use the key question noted below. The following objectives will help in achieving the aim. Objectives: To provide an overview of the Increase in high-rise and high density housing in the U.K To identify factors that affect the quality of homes that will be used in this research To explore the negative and positive design features with high-rise and high density buildings and their effect on occupants Key question: Can better designed, affordable mixed tenure high-rise and high density housing provide a solution for quality homes for the future? Literature Review Scope of chapter This chapter will critically appraise the literature review, identify similarities of statements, commonalities and contradictions of the body of evidence. It is divided into the following five main sections Definition of high-rise and high density buildings (300) History and growth of high rise and high density buildings (500) High rise debate Evaluating the literature on the drivers and barriers of key features of good design in high-rise and high density buildings(2000) Definition of high rise and high density buildings High rise buildings: While the most prominent name for tall building remains high rise, in Britain and several other European countries high rise buildings are sometimes referred to as tower blocks. Various definitions are used to define high rise buildings as the terms do not have agreed definitions recognised internationally. Langdon and Everest et al (2002) affirm that it is not possible to define high rise buildings using absolute measures. Most sources define high rise building to suit the subject being studied, the definitions not always expressed in terms of number of storeys but rather in linear height feet and meters. According to the Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (1969), a high rise building can be defined as a building of 10 storeys or more. Craighead (2009) defines a high rise building as that which extends between 75 feet (23metres) and 100 feet (30 meters) or about seven to ten storeys depending on slab to slab distance between floors. For the purpose of this research the defi nition of high rise buildings is considered that of Langdon and Everest et al (2002) who believe that; In relative terms tall buildings are best understood as buildings whos planning, design construction and occupation is influenced by height in ways that are not normally associated with more typical, local developments. High density buildings ( might need adding more) Literature suggests that measuring density figures is problematic as there are many differences in the approximations of determining density figures. A wide variety of measurements to density have been used since 1918 including: dwellings per hectare, persons per hectare, habitable rooms per hectare, floor spaces per hectare and bed spaces per hectare (Woodford et al., 1976 cited in Jenks 2005). Although the common unit recommended by the research for the government is the dwelling per hectare the rest of the measurement are also frequently used (DETR, 1998). To give a base for the purpose of this study, density in housing is considered the ratio between the number of households or people and the land area they occupy, the government considers 60 and above dwellings per hectare and 140persons per acre to be high density. As mentioned above the planning policy guidance 3(PPG3) encourages high density building by setting requirements for more efficient use of land stating that new developments should aim for a density which is not less than 30 dwellings per hectare (Ibid). Therefore where high rise housing is mentioned throughout this study, it is referred to that of which is considered to be of high density. History and growth of high rise and high density buildings According to Reddy (nd), the growth of a city is closely linked with the growth of high-rise buildings. In England, the tallest buildings that were above the skyline were always the cathedrals, churches, palaces, castles and public buildings. The stable skyline in England was primarily contributed by the locally applied height restrictions and lack of demand for housing. In Britain, high rise buildings were first developed after the Second World War in the 1930s (). The high rise buildings construction went hand in hand with the demolition of Georgian and Victorian housing. The destruction of houses and drastic population growth were among the main reasons that led to the construction of high rise buildings. High rise buildings seemed to be a quick fix to the population problem in order to accommodate more people at that time. Built in central locations with excellent views, high-rise buildings were welcomed as were seen as modern living. The construction of high-rise buildings was r eckoned as the modern and most effective way to handle the demand for more housing issue and the shortage of land issue. In addition to population growth after the war, the ageing 19th century houses also led to the growth of high rise buildings in the United Kingdom. High rise buildings seemed unpopular in Britain as the English houses concept had dominated most parts of the country. However, the situation seemed to be different in Scotland, as tenements (staircase-access blocks of any height, but most usually 3 or 4 storeys) appeared to be the common urban type for most people. Along the 19th century, different types of flats arose in London and other English towns. The four to six-storeyed tower blocks became popular among the lower classes of people and was subsequently seen developing in the west end of London as well (Glendinning Muthesius,1994). Up until the 1990s, an estimated 400,000 flats in 6500 multi-storey blocks were built in Britain, with the most booming period being the late fifties to the early seventies. To that end, about 20% of all public housing constructed post-Second World War was provided in tower blocks primarily with 6 or more storeys (Ibid). Glendinning and Muthesius (1994) contend that the high-rise construction trend continued during the post-war years in London and the majority being built by the local authorities. High rise and high density debate The debate arising from whether high rise and high density buildings have brought more harm or benefits to its occupants and society is rather challenging. Tall buildings seem to be an important topic of debate in London more than any place in the United Kingdom. A scheduled debate to discuss the planning decision for a tower near Vauxhall Bridge was held in June 2005 after the House of Lords reckoned it to be as a possible threat to the London skyline. Both the benefits and the unpleasant outcomes of high-rise buildings were discussed. To begin with, several reviews and early studies seem to have concluded that high rise and high density buildings have not had pleasant outcomes to their occupants as compared to their advantages (Cappon cited in Gifford 2006). Some major contributions to the high-rise debate are the reports commissioned by the Corporation of London, Tall buildings and sustainability (Pank 2002) and by Development Securities PLC, Tall Buildings: Vision of the Future or Victims of the Past? (LSE Cities Programme, 2002). The two reports both concur that high-rise buildings could for sure bring about an outstanding contribution to the inevitable new wave of redevelopment. However, the LSE report emphasises the need of highest standards of design for high-rise buildings whilst the Corporation of London report seems to be emphasising more on sustainable design. ADD DEBATE ON HIGH DENSITY HOUSING In terms of the societal level, high-rise buildings have been accused of exacerbating traffic problems, burthening existing services and infrastructure and in some ways inflicting damage on the character of neighbourhoods (Broyer cited in Gifford 2006). The attack that occurred in the United States of America in September 11th 2001 inflicted fear within occupants of multi storey buildings (Gifford, 2006). The fear that they may be attacked at any particular time raises questions as to whether high-rise buildings are good for people. This, according to sources, describes high-rise buildings as bad for its occupants people living fear of attack makes high rise buildings bad. As for the positive side of high rise buildings, they offer excellent views especially to the upper-level occupants and not forgetting urban privacy. As mentioned above in the growth of high rise buildings, the views that high-rise buildings offered its occupants was one of the primary reason they became popular among the working class in London, therefore this terms high rise as good for its residents. High rise and high density buildings are often although not always located in central urban location, therefore their location seems to point out that they are preferable to those who like central locations. Churchman (1999) highlights that the location of high rise buildings in central areas indicates that services and public transport systems are more likely to be near as well as a significant number of close neighbours therefore one may have greater choice of friends and acquaintances for support. High rise buildings, according to Kunstler and Salingaros (2001) have to some degree deformed the function, the quality and the long-term health of urbanism. The public realms of the streets are being clogged by the infrastructure of high rise buildings. Krier (1984 cited in Kunstler and Salingaros 2001) referred to this as urban hypertrophy. He further asserts that they prevent the organic development of new healthy, mixed urban fabric anywhere further than the centre. On the other hand, Broyer (2002) suggests that high rise buildings which are at times thin buildings leave more room for green space and parks. High rise buildings have smaller footprints than the low-rise houses, therefore take up less land area than the low-rise housing units. He further points out that the unused land near high rise buildings has been seen to be a no-mans land and frequently used by dangerous elements. ADD DEBATE ON HIGH DENSITY HOUSING As seen from the above points, the high-rise debate has raised many questions as to whether they are good or bad. High rise buildings have both the good and bad side of them. However, the negative side of high rise buildings seem to outweigh the positive sides of high-rise buildings. Drivers and barriers of key features of good design in high-rise and high density buildings The increase of population has been considered to have negative outcomes from the past when cities and towns in the UK experienced rapid growth and urbanisation. The seriousness of the state of high population density now can be seen by looking at how far back density brought about consciousness to the government and the public in general. According to Jenks (2005), it was since the 1840s where London was considered a huge city with a population of 21/2 million. More recent statistics from the Office of National Statistics indicate that the UK population is already at its fastest rate in growth and is estimated to increase from 62.3million in 2010 to 67.2million in the next ten years, taking into account higher birth rates than deaths. A further increase of 73.2million is projected in the next 25years, an estimated figure which makes up an average increased growth rate of 0.6%. (National trust). Migration figures also published by the Office of National Statistics show figures in the year 2010 to be 575,000 immigrants, a figure which is said not to have broadly changed since 2004, shows the effect of rising population due to migration into the UK. (HBA, 2011) = Population Increase is regarded by many sources as the core driver towards the demand for housing thus as the UK population continues to increase the demand for housing grows strongly. In London, where population is predicted to grow to 10million, a 2milion increase of Londoners will need housing over the next 20 years which means that 1million new homes will have to be built (Housing and planning consultant). Despite this, the National Housing Federation (NHF) (representatives and campaigners for better housing in England) point out that fewer houses are now being built than at any point since the Second World War. This gap between supply and demand in housing is a prominent issue in UK has instigated vast amount of research in this field. With regards to space required for these new homes and taking into account the restrictions of protecting the green-belt, Colin Wiles, a house and planning consultant implies that London has simply run out of space and its out-of-date green belt is the culprit(The Guardian). With only 4,000hectares of Brownfield land, it provides barely a fifth of the space required to build 1million new homes in London(The Guardian). To be able to house Londoners, Colin Wiles insists London must either build upwards or outwards hereby highlighting the demand for high-rise developments to solve the housing issues (Ibid). Many other sources including Mark Fairwether (2000) agree on the increase in population factor with planning policies that encourage development on Brownfield sites to protect the green as major influences to the market for high-rise and high density housing. Demographic changes in everyday living is yet another factor that is seen by many sources to be influencing the demand for housing. Without going further beyond the scope of the research, the following other factors are worth iterating when identifying the drivers to more housing in a place where land is very limited (parliament)= Increasing number of one-person households Life Expectance Rates Desire for city Living Cost of housing Housing trends Overseas influence Housing rights and Eligibility Add on more drivers Increasing number of one-person households Cost of housing Research Methodology Statement of research Aim It is vital to analyse the different strategies of research therefore understanding the difference between quantitative and qualitative, knowing the different sources and techniques of data collection and the ethics involved is what this chapter aims to cover. Having identified a topic and considered the purpose of study, a way of which this study is going to be performed has to be identified. It is important to determine the appropriate methodology and how to use it in order to carry out an investigation into living in high-rise and high density housing. It is by conducting this methodology that a conclusion will be arrived at (Peter, 2001). Getting to this conclusion however has to go through several steps which include collecting and analysing data that is relevant to the purpose of study (Naoum 2007). The choice of the methodology will depend on the kind of subject which has to suit the methodology that goes with it. As it may be possible to conduct the research for the subject of study without having knowledge of the various methods, having detailed knowledge of planning an investigation will give you an insight into different ways of doing so and also enhance your understanding of the literature (Bell 2010). The main importance is to make sure that the research maximises the chance of realising its objectives (Fellows 1997). It is important to first understand what research is about before actually conducting and planning the research. Although research can serve many purposes, the most common and effective ones are exploration, description and explanation (Babbie 2010). Exploratory research is used when only limited amount of knowledge is known for a particular subject or when a new interest is examined by the researcher. Research therefore is being done to explore more about the topic (Naoum 2012). Description serves the purpose of observing situations and events and then describing what was observed by answering questions such of what, where, when and how while explanation in the other hand tends to explain things answering questions of why (Babbie 2010). Foundations in Research As the type of research in this case is that of social research, it is essential to first consider the underlying of social research in order to prepare the way into which the research will be approached. Understanding and considering the two elements of science which are logic and explanation will mean that the findings have to first make sense and also correspond to what has or can be observed. These two important elements relate to three major aspects of social science representations; theory, data collection and data analysis. The theory deals with the aspect of logic in science, data collection deals with observations while data analysis analyses patterns achieved in the observations and compares what was logically expected to what was actually observed where necessary (Babbie, 2010). The order in which these three aspects can be approached is what differentiates the two important methods of reasoning in research which are; inductive and deductive. Inductive and Deductive Deductive theory takes the process of having a theory, reasoning it by deducing it into a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis which then gives you a pattern of observation which will help you confirm whether or not the theory is right or wrong (Deduction and Induction, 2006). Whilst deductive theory breaks down from the more general to the more precised, inductive reasoning works out the opposite. It moves from measured patterns of general observations which lead to the formation of tentative hypothesis that can then be explored into a general conclusion or theory. In understanding the social effects of living in high rise buildings, these two approaches both are effectual approaches which when both work together can provide more accurate and complete understandings. Quantitative Research Quantitative research uses a scientific approach and is objective in nature. Naoum (2007, p.37) defines quantitative research as:- An inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers and analysed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the hypothesis or theory hold true. Quantitative research therefore based on the above definition is strong and can be reliable. When there is presence of a theory and testing is needed to determine whether it holds true, a quantitative approach is to be considered (Naoum, 2007). It can also be used in the collection of known facts and studying the relationship between one set of facts to another evaluating them in numerical data (Bell, 2010). In the case of investigating living in high-rise and high density housing, whilst finding research from data and facts that have been collected previously, testing and analysing the variables and measuring it in numbers may contribute to achieving a conclusion. Whether the findings only achieved from this method of research will be enough is highly doubtable thus other strategies of research may need to be considered. Qualitative Research Qualitative research is more concerned and seeks to understand the purpose of study based on opinions and feelings of individuals perceptions of the world (Bell, 2010). Qualitative research is subjective by nature. It emphasises meanings, experiences (often verbally described), description, and so on.'(Naoum, 2007, p.40). The information obtained from this strategy of research falls in two categories; a) Exploratory research b) Attitudinal research. In order to explore more about a subject, Interview technique is usually used to collect data so as to diagnose a situation, screen alternatives and discover new ideas. Attitudinal research is used to evaluate opinions of people towards a particular object. The Object in this case refers to an attribute, a variable, a factor or a question. (Naoum, 2013). Babbie (2010) defines variables as logical groupings of attributes whereas attributes are characteristics of a person or things. The two ways in which data can be collected are primary data collection and secondary data collection. To investigate the living in high rise and high density buildings, using exploratory research would be beneficial to the study to personally question the residents using interview techniques hence getting their opinions of the effect of living in the schemes. Naoum (2012) describes primary data as that of which is collected at first hand coming directly from the source, while secondary is data that is obtained from other sources using desk study approach. Using both primary and secondary methods of collecting data may be useful, with secondary data helping to back up the views and opinions of people collected from primary sources which may be in question. Whilst the primary research method technique will be interviewing personnel, an awareness of any restrictions or requirements to be considered is worth knowing. Lutz (cited in Bell 2010) who writes about ethnographic research suggests that some type of contract should be established with the associated field, contract in this case referring to the set of restrictions and requirements that a researcher is to consider. Many professional bodies and organisations have set their own ethical guidelines as Lutz (cited in Bell 2010) stresses, it may well be that whilst investigating about living in high rise buildings issues such of care needed when involving children, manner of conducting the interview, rights of the interviewee, voluntary participation, what subject may or not be examined and more need to be considered before research is being done. The research being done in this case will represent an intrusion into peoples lives, knocking on peoples doors for them to participate in inte rviews perhaps is a disruption in the persons regular activities. Moreover, the information required may be personal and often not known to people associated to them let alone a stranger intending to research. Therefore it is worth reiterating that understanding the importance of ethical agreements about what is proper and improper when conducting research need to be considered beforehand. (Babbie, 2010, p.63) The studies were carried out by Joanne Bretherton and Nicholas Pleace who were greatly supported by Kathleen Kelly and Alison Darlow who managed the project on behalf of the Joseph Rowntree foundation. Case Studies This chapter will discuss three case studies. One in the North West of England, one in London and one in Scotland. The case studies will briefly describe the characteristics of the case study schemes, their design, location, number of storeys and their tenure mix. Subsequently, the case study schemes will also consider the following: Reasons as to why the occupants of the case study schemes moved in. The report findings on the attitudes of occupants towards living in the case study properties. Finally analyse the lessons learnt from the study that can towards establishing quality housing for the increasing demand. Case Study 1: Case study one is located in the North West of England and was completed in 2001. The developer of the scheme was a housing association. The size of the whole site was 0.49 hectares while the whole scheme was of 120 units per hectare built between four-to-six storeys including both accommodation and work sites. This scheme provided 75 flats set around a communal courtyard including: 14 one-bedroom flats 42 two-bedroom flats 19 three-bedroom flats. An on-site meeting room was also available on site. The primary focus of the scheme was providing social housing for rent and had a high level of involving the occupants in management. The main aim of the scheme is connected to urban regeneration as the entire area was being redeveloped. Other developments have come up around the area since the construction of the scheme. The design, however, is rather uncommon in trying to adhere to an outstanding architectural style in a user-friendly modern development (Bretherton Pleace, 2008). Case Study 2: Case study 2 is located in London and was completed in 2003. The developer of this scheme was also a housing association. The size of the whole site is 0.53 hectares with 122 dwellings per hectare; this had the highest density compared to the other case studies. The site had about 70 units per hectare, made up of: 31- one bedroom flats 12-two bedroom flats 16- three bedroom houses 6- Four bedroom houses. This scheme was built on brownfield and a large shared communal area around it. The whole site was affordable, providing social rented housing, key worker Low Cost Home Ownership (LCHO) and renting and LCHO. Accommodation for people with support needs was also available which was designed for easy access. The scheme was fundamentally designed as an example of low-cost housing in a very pricy part of the country within the remit of it being high density, energy economical and advanced in construction with a balanced sustainable mixed community (Bretherton Pleace, 2008). Case study 3: Case study 3 is located in a large urban area in Scotland and was completed in 2000. The size of the whole site is 1.6 hectares while the whole scheme was of 75 units per hectare in a two-to-four storey perimeter block with a community centre, surrounded by terraced gardens and enclosed by allotments for use by the occupants of the scheme. The development was made up of 120 flats including: 35-one bedroom flat 46-two bedroom flat 39-three bedroom flat. The tenure mix was chiefly balanced towards social renting, covering 70% of the flats, with most of the remainder being LCHO through shared possession. Some of the flats had been constructed for market sale owner occupation. Similar to case study 2, some of the flats were particularly designed for people with support needs. In contrast to the other case studies, this one was designed to be car free, ther

Effect of Concentration on Osmosis Essay -- GCSE Biology Osmosis Cours

Effect of Concentration on Osmosis Aim To find out how the concentration of sucrose solution affects the mass of the potato chip left in the solution for one day. Prediction I predict that when the sucrose concentration is low the potato chip will gain mass. This is because there will be a higher sucrose concentration in the potato chip so water will go into the potato from the solution. I predict that when there is a high concentration of sucrose the potato will lose mass. This is because there is a higher concentration of sucrose solution in the solution compared to that in the potato chip so water from the potato will go into the solution to even it out. Osmosis is "the movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane" Osmosis is the movement of water from high water concentration to lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. Selectively permeable membranesare very thin layers of material (cell membranes are selectively-permeable), which allow some molecules to pass through them but prevent other molecules from passing through. Cell membranes will allow small molecules like Oxygen, water, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, Glucose, amino-acids, etc. to pass through. Cell membranes will not allow larger molecules like Sucrose, Starch, protein, etc. to pass through. In my experiment I will have a test tube with a potato chip in. The outside wall of the potato chip is selectively permeable so it lets water pass through it but not bigger molecules such as sucrose. In the test tubes I will put different concentrations of sucrose solution. When the concentration of the solution is lower than that in the potato, water will pass through the selectively permeable wall into the potato. Potato cells Sucrose solution The mass of the potato chip increases Sucrose molecule Water molecule When the sucrose solution is stronger outside if the potato chip water will move out from the potato chip into the solution. When the concentration is the same on both sides of the selectively permeable wall nothing passes through it and the mass will stay the same. Plan Apparatus Five test tubes Labels Ruler Scales Tissue... ...hips in each test tube. This would make it more accurate as when I had two in a test tube if one of them was a long way out it made the graph not follow the line well when I plotted the averages. There was one anomalous result at 0.5 mol. I think this was because we patted them dry when we got them out of the test tubes as we did not want to weigh there water on the outside of the potato but I think that we may not have dried them all equally so this anomalous result may have been due to it having water left on the outside of it. Also the potato itself was not from the same part of the potato and was not exactly the same size, although I did try to cut them to 36mm each. I could also try the same experiment but with different volumes of cell tissues and see if the percentage change differed with a bigger and smaller surface area. I could now investigate the smaller range near to 0.25 to see the sucrose concentration equivalent to the potato. Finally, I could extend the experiment to a more exact level by looking at the potato cylinders under a microscope, then I would be able to see the cells in greater detail and draw some more observational results.

Books vs. Movies

Books remain among the oldest and the most valuable inventions of the humanity and have a long and dynamic history, which started in those times when people felt a necessity to create lasting and easily accessible records of some important information. The first books appeared in Ancient Egypt, soon after invention of papyrus technique. Even in the beginning of the 20th century books were the most popular sources of information and the only carriers of literary works of any genres. There were millions of booklovers around the world, who enjoyed reading and developing own personality by obtaining knowledge from the books.But in the first decade of the 20th century a lot of changes took place, and one of the reasons of those was a revolutionary invention of cinematography. The first motion picture films started appearing, the first studios in the Hollywood area were founded and world’s cinema industry started developing. Nowadays, movies of different genres, from comedies to doc umentaries, became a corporate part of our life. It is hard to find someone who does not like watching movies, but the opinions whether they are better than the books, differ.This work is an attempt to examine and contrast the differences between books and movies. The first and the most important difference is the opportunity to imagine and visualize the scenes of the plot. While reading a book, we can use the power of our own imagination to picture characters or the events in details. But when watching a movie, we have to accept the visualization of the events, which is offered by the director. Certainly, movies can be advantageous, because they are visually stimulating and loaded with numerous special effects.However, books usually have deeper influence and remain longer in our minds, because all the work on â€Å"visualization† of the events is done by us ourselves. Another significant difference between books and movies is being a source for one another. It is known that screenwriters and movie directors often create their masterpieces based on the plots of popular books, and the examples of this include a number of movies about Harry Potter and Hannibal Lecter, â€Å"The Lord of the Rings†, â€Å"The Da Vinci Code†, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, â€Å"The English Patient†, â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest†, â€Å"The Godfather† and hundreds of others.Nevertheless, there are few incidents, when books are written on the plots of popular movies, because in such cases it is really difficult for the writers to offer something new and appealing. There are more differences. As a rule, reading books requires more time, as well as more attention and concentration of the reader. At the same time, watching a movie does not take long (about 2-3 hours) and frequently does not require being totally focused on it. In addition, it is only a personality and previous achievements of the author, which can attract attention of potential readers to a new book.As to a new movie, there can be personalities (and previous achievements) of the director, the screenwriter, as well as the names of one or a number of actors, which can attract public attention and make more and more people watch it. Yet another difference is availability of books and movies. It is possible to read a book almost everywhere. Books are light, small and can be even placed in a pocket (so called pocket-books). That is why they are, undoubtedly, the best solution to fill the time in a queue or during a plane trip. However, not everyone can afford watching movies at any time and place.Only those, who have laptops or portable CD/DVD players with monitors, can play movies wherever they wish. The majority of people are still bounded to cinemas, TVs, home cinemas, home PC stations, etc. Undoubtedly, everyone has own opinion regarding the advantages of reading books and watching movies, and the comments like â€Å"Books are better because they are more descriptive and seem more real,† or â€Å"Movies are just easier sometimes. They take less time and less concentration,† perfectly reflect the opposite viewpoints of young Americans on these two concepts (Stratta & Broderick, n. d. ).Nevertheless, I suppose that it would be better and really fair to understand books and movies as two different genres of entertainment and learn to appreciate them both. Outline I. Books A. Historical information B. Being the only source of knowledge II. Movies A. Cinema history B. Becoming everyday entertainment III. Differences A. Opportunities to use imagination and visualize the scenes. B. Being a source for one another C. Necessary time and concentration D. Personalities, who can contribute in promotion. E. Availability IV.Different opinions A. Comments of people B. Suggestion to enjoy the benefits of both books and movies Bibliography: †¢ Stratta, E. & Broderick, M. (n. d. ). Movies Sink in the Battle vs. Books. In Depth Page. Marian High School Official Page. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from . †¢ The Book vs. The Movie. (2002, November 11). CBS News Online. Associated Press. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved Apri 19, 2007, from: .

Antz vs. Communist Russia essays

Antz vs. Communist Russia essays The life of an ant in the movie Antz, is very similar to that of a Russian citizen under Stalins rule. Of course the economy of the ants is a command economy, and everyone has to work towards the good of the colony. When Stalin came to power in Russia, Lenin had already introduced communism, and he wanted to install that more securely, but communism was already present in Russia. Antz is an example of the perfect command economy. Everyone has their jobs and functions, and everyone works toward the common good. Although the movie does not show us how the ants obtain their food, and that was one of the major problems in the Russian command economy. Because of this, the two economies are also considerably different. But the major ideals of the communist economy are the same. As the movie is shown from a workers point of view, I believe that Russians in communist Russia felt the same way as Zee, the main character in the movie. I think so, but that side of Russian citizens is rarely shown throughout history, because although they had the right of free speech, it was very restricted. Russians would never speak out against anyone of authority, because they knew that there would be consequences. Listening to Zee gave me a lot more insight to what the life of a Russian citizen under Stalins rule must have been like. When Stalin thought that anyone posed as a threat to him or the countrys development, he had a way of dealing with it. In Antz we only see them punished when they arent working, or lipping off their supervisor, and their rations are taken away. Communist Russia had the secret police. Russians lived in constant fear of being taken away or killed. One way the movie and Russia during Stalins rule are similar, was that all food was rationed. Russia didnt exactly ration food, but they only had so much, and gave it only to those who co ...